Causes of Occupational Stress

Reasons for Occupational Stress Word related pressure can be alluded to the physical weight, for example, tired just as body torment (Beehr et al., 2001) ( refered to in Nazim Shahid Jan, n.d., p.292) and intellectually weight, for example, tired, uneasiness, despondency, sleep deprivation, brought about without anyone else occupation or employment (Millward, 2005) ( refered to in Nazim Shahid Jan, n.d., p.292). There are two kinds of stress, which are eustress and trouble. Eustress, is a positive pressure, can rationale one to accomplish oneself objectives while trouble contrarily impacts oneself conduct, physical and state of mind (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 139). Truth be told, there are various elements which cause word related pressure. Right off the bat, representatives for the most part feel compelled when there are over-burden work assignments to be finished by them (Swaminathan Rajkumar, 2013, p.86). For example, when a business circulates various troublesome errands to their representative to be finished inside a brief timeframe, the worker will generally feel worried because of the way that finishing the assignment inside a brief timeframe is past the employee’s capacity. This can be identified with MARS Model where Motivation, Ability, Role observation and Situational factors are thought of (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 46-49). The worker may have the inspiration and capacity just as a decent job discernment to play out their assignment, however due to situational factor, for example, restricted time, the person will feel focused. For example, in the greater part of the optional school, an educator is liable for encouraging numerous subjects and the over-burden work undertaking will cause the instructor to feel focused on (It takes two: how schools are putting resources into staff showing extra subjects 2013). Furthermore, the relationship among representatives or among representatives and businesses additionally adds to word related pressure (Causes of business related pressure 2009). This issue normally happens when another representative goes into a new position or position. The individual in question will most likely be unable to become acclimated to the new condition, particularly the relationship with new partners. New representatives will as a rule feel overlooked by their partners and this issue causes them to feel discouraged (Common reasons for worry at work n.d.). All the time, new workers will likewise have issue in speaking with new associates on account of incomprehension of character to one another (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 345). In Model of Communication, correspondence boundaries are the impediments, which incorporate discernment, separating, language and unreasonable data that upset correspondence among individuals (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p.356- 358). For example, once in a while when new associates ridicule another worker, for example, joking with the new representative, the new worker may change over the message got in an incorrect manner because of their recognition, diverse language spoken, exorbitant data got, etc, in which the representative will believe that the new partners are attempting to affront the person in question. Besides, a few workers, who don't have a decent correspondence and relationship with their bosses or representatives, are even tormented and experience the ill effects of provocation, for example, inappropriate behavior by their boss and wind up feeling compelled (Tehrani 2002) (refered to in Ongori Agolla 2008, p.124). The workers or casualties can't convey well or feel modest to speak with individuals in an organization will for the most part be the objective of tormenting by their bosses or partners. For instance, in Nike organization, there is various representatives has experienced affront an d inappropriate behavior by their bosses (Nike laborers endure badgering, claims report 2001). Therefore, these casualties will wind up experiencing pressure or feel very constrained at whatever point they work in their work environment. Employment uncertainty is likewise not a special case to be one of the fundamental components adding to word related pressure and therefore decreasing the profitability of representatives (Babatunde 2013, p.76). In the Maslow’s pecking order of requirements, the most significant need of human is physiological, trailed by security, for example, professional stability, socialization, regard and self-realization (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 170-171). It is, accordingly, obvious that employer stability is fundamental for an individual. This issue agonizing over occupation instability is most usually looked by representatives who are in obligations, go up against money related risk and troubles. These representatives are generally stressed over the issue of joblessness that may happen on them later on as their present place of employment is significant for them for bearing certain liabilities or obligations, for example, raising a family. Truth be told, the issue of empl oyee’s excusal normally occurs during monetary downturn, in which the financial is under an awful condition (Sandilands n.d.). Hence, employees’ stresses over excusal for the most part emerge during financial downturn. Because of the way that the vast majority of the organizations have inadequate income to cover their costs, the organizations in this manner excuse some the representatives who are not profitable so as to diminish their costs (Windermere n.d.). For instance, Nike has wanted to excuse around 1750 laborers so as to lessen its costs by $225 million (Rogoway 2009). Not just that, a portion of the workers is likewise stressed that their pay rates will get deducted just as being dealt with unreasonably. For example, most of the representatives in United Kingdom are generally stressed over the issue of their pay rates decrease, trailed by the issue of being jobless and rewarded unreasonably (Osborne 2013). In this manner, work weakness is genuinely obvious to b e one of the central point which may prompt the word related pressure (Unemployment ‘can lead to depression’ 2011). In undeniable reality, word related pressure has to be sure carried favorable circumstances to workers. One of the most widely recognized focal points is that a low degree of word related pressure can assist with improving the working execution of a worker. At the point when a worker has experienced pressure, for example, a sensible work accommodation cutoff time, the person in question will be more started or resolved to attempt the absolute best to finish an undertaking or come out with an all around done yield. For instance, after Apple organization has discharged its new cell phone, iPhone 5S, Samsung Company at that point pronounces that it will likewise come out with its new cell phone item, Samsung Galaxy S5 which additionally has a similar degree of processor (The Fierce Competition Between Samsung And Apple is Still Ongoing n.d.). It is unmistakably demonstrated that pressure has really persuaded Samsung company’s representatives to make come out with a decent method to rival Apple Company. Word related worry, then again, does likewise bring about various negative effects. The run of the mill disservice is that word related pressure may hurt oneself wellbeing condition in term of physical and mental. It is generally known the manifestations of being overemphasized are migraine, a sleeping disorder, hypertension, etc (Hamlett n.d.). Truth be told, these indications likewise suggests that oneself endure the danger of medical issues. In the event that the overemphasized issue continues, the representative will become ill and wind up diminishing their efficiency. Not just that, the worker will likewise be not able to completely focus on playing out their errands as the individual will be diverted by stresses all things considered of the time (Hamlett n.d.). Also, the issue of word related pressure hurting employees’ emotional well-being condition is currently expanding at a disturbing rate. The dysfunctional behavior or stress endured will quit fooling around on the off chance that it isn't relieved as quickly as time permits and will wind up making deadly the patient, for example, ending it all (Omelas Kleiner 2003) (refered to in Ablanedos-Rosas et al. 2011, p. 555). For instance, an attendant in Britain ended it all because of the horrendous criticism brought by his patient (Work Suicide n.d.). So as to lessen pressure briefly, numerous individuals decide to smoke and end up dependent on (Smoking and Mental Health n.d.), subsequently expanding the odds of getting lung malignant growth (Lung disease dangers and causes n.d.). At the end of the day, word related pressure has in a roundabout way drove a portion of the workers to the danger of getting lung malignancy. Also, if the degree of an employee’s stress is excessively high and past the abilities of the worker to control it, unfavorable impacts, for example, disappointment or tension may happen and will in this way lead to a low efficiency (Cevizci et al. 2014, p.42). Way objective hypothesis includes four kinds of administration style, which are mandate, steady, participative and accomplishment arranged (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 464). The pioneer of an organization ought to be steady and accommodating to their worker. ASA hypothesis comprises of 3 different ways, which are fascination, determination and whittling down. Fascination is that an individual is pulled in by the way of life of an organization as the way of life organization is their favored culture. Determination is that an organization chooses laborers which can adjust the way of life of the organization. Steady loss is that an organization excuses the laborers who doesn't adjust to the way of life of the or ganization (Mcshane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 555-556). ASA hypothesis can be utilized to lessen or maintain a strategic distance from worry of representatives through permitting laborers to pick organization which are reasonable to them, choosing individuals who can work under pressure and excusing workers who can't meet company’s target.

The Effects of Hostility on the Joad Family essays

The Effects of Hostility on the Joad Family expositions Through his most popular novel, The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck portrays the hardships of Oklahoma ranchers during the Great Depression. Steinbeck utilizes the Joad family as a representation of the normal vagrant group of 1939. Numerous occasions happen during the novel, making certain characters change. Because of a portion of the brutal occasions, Ma picks up quality, while the mentalities of Tom and Rose of Sharon change. Steinbeck utilizes numerous occasions of cruel treatment towards the Joads to depict the truth of this timeframe. Despite the fact that the Joad family doesn't merit this threatening vibe, they should work their way through these troublesome occasions. The insatiable specialists who purchase the Joad's possessions before they travel to California are a case of the heartlessness appeared to the Joads. These merchants, realizing the banks constrained the ranchers to sell their things, address very low costs for their own belongings. Harshness wins when the Joads experience the service station chaperon. Accepting the Joads can not stand to pay for their gas, the chaperon regards the Joads as though they are criminals. After the Joads show up at the Hooverville, a work contractual worker and cop appear at enlist laborers. Both the contractual worker and the cop intend to begin inconvenience. At the point when a man poses an inquiry about the activity, the temporary worker and police offi cer attempt to capture him and stir something up. While capturing this man, the temporary worker tells the other transient ranchers, You fellas don't need ta tune in to these reds. Troublemakers-they'll get you in a difficult situation (339). Alluding to this man as a red incites and affronts the other transient ranchers, starting a fight. All through the novel, Ma's character accomplishes a more significant level of solidarity. Mama starts the novel as a resilient lady and turns out to be much more grounded. During Tom's detainment, Ma quietly grieves Tom's nonattendance for dread she may let the family break in the event that she cries openly. Conversing with Tom, Al states, She [Ma] mour... <!

Campaign Staffers Get Minimum Wage Boost - OppLoans

Campaign Staffers Get Minimum Wage Boost - OppLoans Campaign Staffers Get Minimum Wage BoostInside Subprime:  August 28, 2019By Grace AustinA Democratic presidential candidate reversed course on campaign employees’ pay after calls for boosting their minimum wage and complaints those staffers might have to resort to payday loans to make ends meet.Low-level field organizers for Bernie Sanders’ campaign will now receive a $6,000 raise, settling a months-long dispute over long working hours for staffers. Those hours meant salary levels were well under the $15 per hour minimum wage.Organizers within the presidential campaign union voted for the raise in July, and it was accepted by the campaign and Sanders. The salaried workers now earn $42,000 per year and have all of their health benefits premiums covered. The staffers will also have vacation time and sick leave.The staffers rejected a previous offer from the campaign because it wouldn’t have paid all health benefits premiums. So Sanders, in return, cut their total number of workin g hours.The employees said that they regularly worked more than 60 hours per week, making their hourly wage equivalent to under $13, despite being salaried employees.Long hours are common in campaigns, and field organizers are the lowest on the totem pole in a campaign. But through the salary loophole, as Vox explained in a recent article, campaign staffers were vulnerable to working long hours without overtime pay, pushing their incomes far below what is expected through their salaries.Under the new agreement, the organizers are expected to work 50 hours per week and their work week will boost from five to six days. If they do work more, which is most likely, their pay an hour will be equal to less than $15.A leaked message to the Washington Post complicated the ongoing dispute, with employees for the Vermont senator’s campaign saying in the memo they “shouldn’t have to get payday loans to sustain themselves” and it didn’t align with Sanders’ messages.Sanders criticized the leaked internal memo, saying it should stay within the “the process” and it’s not what “labor negotiations are about.”Still, other Democratic presidential candidates already paid their staffers the same or more. Organizers for Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren and South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg make the equivalent of $42,000 a year. Campaign staffers for former Vice President Joe Biden make $48,000 annually, and the base salary for organizers of former Texas Rep. Beto O’Rourke is currently at the most â€" at $50,400.But campaign staffers don’t make a lot of money because those funds could be used elsewhere to elect the candidate. So, as one Washington Post opinion writer said, that means it’s limiting the hours Sanders can work to “spread his message.”Learn more about  payday loans, scams, and  cash advances  by  checking out our  city and state financial guides, including  Florida,  Illinois,  Chicago,  Ohio,  Texas, and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Education - 1672 Words

Psychologists Jean Piaget’s and Lev Vygotsky’s contributions to our knowledge about cognitive development and learning, forms the foundations of modern education. Both men’s work was revolutionary for their times, underpinning the transformative shift to a constructivist way of thinking, which emerged as the most significant influence on education of the 21st Century (James Bader, 2002). Piaget, was the first psychologist to investigate the world from the perspective of the child, determining that children and adults had different cognitive processes, while Vygotsky, formed the influential Social-cultural Development Theory. As evident in the example of Mr Gina and Miss Van, despite criticisms, both men’s work and the extensive research†¦show more content†¦Wood et al (1976) found it to be the most effective method of teaching for children when observing mother-child interaction. Furthermore, Palincsar and Brown (1984,1989) in their adoption and application of Vygotsky’s scaffolding, social interaction and use of language in their reciprocal teaching approach, provide support for the theory. Analysis Both Piaget and Vygotsky’s theories are evident within the modern classroom. Mr Gina within his high school classroom, has adopted various practices of Mrs Van primary classroom to engage and improve the learning of his students. These practices are heavily influenced by Piaget and Vygotsky’s theories and their foundations in constructivism, which emphasises the active role of the learner in development. Piaget’s proposed process of cognitive development ‘adaptation’, through equilibrium is evident within the classroom. Adaptation is the process by which we adjusting our ideas and knowledge to new situations through the modification of pre-existing or new schemas (Duchesne and McMaugh, 2016). Mr Gina uses groups of 1-4 students and encourages them to talk, engage and share their opinions even if they are unsure, as well as utilising an independent learning centres on class topics, a reading corner and knowledge space. Within her classroom Miss Van would be employing aShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theory Of Education Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The principle goal of education in schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done,† (â€Å"Jean Piaget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) a wise man once stated. In this paper we are going to go more in-depth into Jean Piaget’s life and how the work of Jean Piaget greatly influenced the field of early childhood education. 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The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1180 Words   |  5 Pages Piaget Today Rebecca Biddle English 101 Mrs. Rufino 17 December 2015 Rebecca Biddle Mrs. Rufino English 101 9 December, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as manyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. 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According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreEducational Methods Influenced By Jean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky800 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both of these men provided influential theories, which had a significant impact on evaluating children’s learning styles and abilities. After years of research and observation, Piaget determined that intellectual development is the result of the interaction of individual and environmental factors. He felt that as a child develops and always interacts with the world around him, knowledge was established. Thr ough his observations of his children, Piaget developedRead Morejean piaget1284 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Jean Piaget Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s, where his job was to develop French versions of questions on English intelligence tests. He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on the questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children. Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitiveRead MoreInfluential Theorist And Child Development : Who Are Capable Of Inventing New Things? Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Slinger HPC 3OR September 17th, 2016 Influential Theorists In Child Development: Intellect, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) The goal of education is not to increase the amount of knowledge, but to create the possibilities for a child to invent and discover, to create men who are capable of inventing new things. Jean Piaget is an influential theorist in child intellect development. Piaget insights society on the importance of not learning, but thinking, his thoughts/studies give a further

Willy Loman Truly Tragic or Plainly Pathetic - 1581 Words

â€Å"The goat song† is the original meaning of the word â€Å"tragedy.† The word developed when men lined up to offer their goats as sacrifices to their gods. The goats they held or lead realized their fates and began bleating sorrowfully. They mourned that their lives were to be laid down for others; however, Willy Loman from â€Å"Death of a Salesman† gave up his life courageously. Arthur Millers character, Willy Loman, thought the only way he could help his family was to die. After much defeat Willy reflected on his life and said that he was of more value dead than alive (Miller 2173). Many arguments have been made about Willys character; is Willy truly tragic or plainly pathetic? Considering all the factors of Willys life that weighed upon him,†¦show more content†¦In his memory he told his boys, â€Å"Be liked and you will never want.† (2140). He drives into them that knowing people is better than doing well. Moreover, Willy Loman acted upon his beliefs in ways that set him up for failure. Willys loss of reality resulted from his mistakes. He caused himself to go insane because the effects of his decisions went askew. Further defining tragic flaw, Aristotle wrote, â€Å"The protagonist will mistakenly bring about his own downfall.† (3) Willy chose wrongly when he refused to go to Alaska with his brother Ben. He talked about his brother often in his flashbacks and how he, himself, could have went and made his fortune if he had followed Ben. He chose instead to be a salesman like the old popular salesman he once saw. He described the man to his boss, Howard, as a man who lived and died a salesman. Willy told him, â€Å"When he died, hundreds of salesmen and buyers were at his funeral† (2164). Therefore, Willy mistakenly continued to chase after his shallow dreams. Willys greatest mistake spurred from his desire to be affirmed of his handsomeness and greatness. Loman became involved in adultery with a sensua l woman who gave Willy the satisfaction of approval. The unnamed woman complimented him, â€Å"I picked you†, â€Å"youve got such a good sense of humor†, and â€Å"I think youre a wonderful man† (2142). He received much approval from her and relied on her when he was lonely. When Biff discovered Willys affair, Willy tried to explain, â€Å"I was

The Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 ( Nsw ) - 1841 Words

As part of our service to our gracious client; Juggernaut Industries we have provided a set of policies and procedures in relation to Workplace Privacy. We encourage you to use this as a guide so you can formulate your own workplace surveillance policy, in the near future. Please note that we will focus upon workplace ‘surveillance’ within the context of workplace privacy. This template of the policy and procedure outline also quotes the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 (NSW) and is directly bound by this legislation. Every person has the right to privacy, and this right must be extended to the workplace. The following sub-sections contain a few clauses that must be in your surveillance policy; inclusive to Juggernaut Industries and its†¦show more content†¦This policy is to clearly demonstrate that the employer cannot conduct any measures of surveillance without the formal notice to employees. This policy must also be understood by employees. By adopting this policy, Juggernaut Industries is in line with the specified requirements and provisions of the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 (NSW). This policy applies to every person on the premises of Juggernaut Industries. This includes all employees, independent contractors, visitors, consultants, employers and any other executive staff. Exemptions under this policy can be made to Emergency Services Workers, Law-Enforcing Agencies and any other governmental organ as such. Defining Key Terms This policy; in line with the standards of the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 (NSW), sets a precedent that the following terms must be defined. This has been pursued in the policy set out by Juggernaut Industries; which clearly defines: Each Form of Surveillance Each Type of Surveillance Amongst other terms; in conjunction with State/Territory and Commonwealth Laws, relating to privacy in the workplace and privacy in general. Forms of Surveillance This policy, as obliged by the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 (NSW), deals with the three key forms of surveillance. Surveillance in this context can be defined as the close observation of employees in the work; which may constitute in any of

Drawing on Debates in Leisure and Sport Theory Essay Example For Students

Drawing on Debates in Leisure and Sport Theory Essay Football is one of the most powerful cultures in the world, politically, economically and socially. Globalization is the set of processes, whereby facilitated by enhanced global flows of such things as industry, investment, individuals and information (Omaha, 1990). The world is becoming evermore economically and politically more integrated according to Bliss gamma; Smith (2001). Berger gamma; Huntington (2002) also believe the world is becoming a lot more culturally additionally more homogeneity, or in Other words, borderless. Schools, (2001) even describes the world as a single place. Maguire, (1999) stated that there were three main characteristics Of Globalization; Economic referring to the goods and services of world products and the world market, Social and Cultural seen as the flow of cultural forms such as music and sport, the labor flow of workers around the world and the flow of ideas, ranging from political ideologies to sub-cultural norms, And Technological, which is the movement of equipment and media such as the internet. Post-Modernity can be translated to be beyond the now, post-modernity as been very hard to define as it embraces elements to philosophy, art and cultural mood, It is a reaction against modernism, Modernism is an approach to life that humans can progress through the use of science, technology and rationality (Oakley, 199830) Therefore, postmodernism can be described as a late 20th century style in the arts and criticism that represents a departure from modernism Post-modernity implies that technologies have collapsed national boundaries and that we are more worldwide citizens. Because of these boundaries being broken, some writers believe that individuality is more important and that there is a avider range of tastes and cultural pastimes. There are many opponents of post-modernism, which believe we still live in the same modern society. These people usually use the term postmodernism to describe a cultural reaction vitamin modern societies, e. G. A sense of disillusionment. Post Modernists on the other hand, argue that eve as a human race have entered a new era beyond modernity (Cochlea, 1999). Therefore, Post- modernism is a set of theories suggesting that society is undergoing a series Of radical changes Which modernism is coming to an end, being rejected by people or even changing to into a new order (Harris, 1999). Many writers give many different views to how the world is changing and Whether we are living in a post-modern world. Factual believed that society was categorized and divided practices existed. This means that spatial and social control of individuals leads to people being objectified and oppressed by those who do the objectifying (Markup and Pricing 2006). Factual, (1977) also suggests that the truth is relative and gained through a societal process called discourse meaning for example, the nature effeminate has been a social discourse as the IEEE of womens rights has massively changed around the world and shifted into creating a more equal elite for women. This is the Transformation idea that there is no single cause behind globalization of an idea but possibly many changes could contribute over time. This fundamentally differs from Giggler (1981) who suggests that there is a rejection of western culture and society and that, for example Islamic countries are not compatible with western economic traditions. Another key writer on the subject of post Modernity is Baudelaire (1989), who believes we live in a media dominated world and that we as the population have meanings mediated for that and our lives gain meaning from consumption and we become products. Banana (1989) disagreed with the concept of modernity and believes that it has died, with a new reality being constructed. The neo- Marxist Feeders Jameson (1991) connect post-modernity to changes in organized capitalism. Jameson (1 991 :400) defines postmodernism as the cultural logic Of late capitalism and states that it is characterized by the communication of media and cultural content, from sport to art. Ideally, globalization is a function in which the Western cultural account (Oxford 995:2) is being globally diffused. Western cultural items, forms and expressions are being adopted, albeit at different speeds, more or less everywhere including throughout East Asia (Kim, 2000). The growing popularity of football in East Asia matches what is occurring in other continents around the world, providing an instructive example of how Western cultural account is being presented and acquired by a significant non-western-cultural other. Football provides a case study, which demonstrates that East Asia is actively engaging With dialogue With the West rather than simply accepting or rejecting the Western culture. In a way, East Asia is firstly scrutinizing the football as a commodity, coming from the west, then selectively blending into western culture and then projecting back the results, (Magnetometer Horned, 2004) This shows that the East is proactively contributing to the shift towards a Hyperboloids world with modern football: One, which in the fullest sense is a single place (Robertson, 1992). On the other hand though, a Skeptical perspective may be important to think about as what is emerging from East Asia may not be modern football with a single western ultra, but instead football, Vichy delivers a diverse amount of variations towards football. This can be described as Heterogeneity, which means the coming together but in a different image (Blab, 1977). Such an outcome may or may not be conductive to greater global order and stability, dependent as this not (at least just) on cultural homogeneity, but also on the underlying, more fundamental material or structural factors, rooted in the global political economy. Crispin, 2004) In East Asia, along with other places in the world, the Western culture is interacting with local cultures in a process of mediation and modification. (apart from places rejecting it outright). The results are global and local, and the results are experienced at a both lower and higher ego-political level. The spread of football across Asia and th e way the game has not only adopted but also adapted throughout the region, and the consequences for football as the world game provides a case for highlighting the general and more inclusive features of globalization. In 2002, Japan and South Korea hosted the World Cup. This competition presents and unprecedented opportunity to observe the mechanics f one of the most powerful forces in the modern world (Globalization) through the prism of one of the most powerful cultural manifestations Football. An examination of world football clarifies how the cultural, political and economic dimensions of Globalization and of social life on the global, nation-state and local planes are intimately intertwined and inter-dependent, even though global capitalism, for instance, may be the main motor driving the rest. A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls EssayThe centralization of modern football around the world illustrates the capitalist dream as owners of football clubs and of football organizations seek different opportunities to penetrate new areas of global society which profits can be generated. This can be shown With Papas decision to give Qatar the World Cup in 2024 as the middle east is a an area of the world which hasnt yet been conquered by modern day football. Boyhood, 2012). Marxist argued that the workers should revolt against the hegemony of the bosses and ultimately end capitalism and returns the power to the people. This can be used in football terms as the fans and players should rebel against club owners and governing bodies officials in order to give football back to the people. This type of Marxist protest has been seen, albeit rarely in modern football in the creation of FCC Limited of Manchester set up by former Manchester United season ticket holders after they opposed the current owner Malcolm Glazers acquisition of the club. Even this action could be seen as globalize as it this has happened all around the world with teams such as Yashmak F-. C and Seoul United. (McCarthy, 2011) As the global media bringing events from all parts of the world into peoples living room, the nature of sports fantod has certainly evolved, Thirty years ago it would have been unthinkable of a teenager from Leeds supporting a major Italian team far less an American sports franchise. With the hyperinflation of modern football has come consumerist culture, which has permitted new fans to choose their teams in the same way that they would select a car or even an tem from the supermarket shelf. Most traditional supporters however are in a position where choice is virtually made for them on the basis of locality and family influence. (Brainier, 2001). Nowadays, though there are undoubtedly soccer clubs (Liverpool, Manchester United gamma, Man City), Which now draw crowds from all throughout the world. Overtone fans are known for saying to their Impressive counterparts Stop Global Warning Ban Liverpool fans flying to home games in a way to say most of Liverpool fans dont come from Impressive and the Globalization Of Liverpool CE has led to many oversea supporters owing to games instead of Libertarians and therefore losing some tradition by doing so. (Masonic, 2007). Manchester City ; Arsenal both now have stadiums named after Arab companies (Edited ; Emirates) both of which have been seen as a disappointment to fans as it lacks the old traditional style of how the club is now perceived. A postmodernist view on this would be, that the Globalization of media sport and modern day capitalist run football has eradicated the notions of old traditions and community. It is clear that modern day football works with a capitalist and postmodern ideology. This can be shown by how teams acquire players within a free market ? a key feature of capitalism and post modernity. European football is comparable to the unconstrained capitalism of the 19th century, where enormous market power and wealth could be accumulated by a few wealthy individuals and everyone else was left to fend tort themselves. Hodgkin, 2012) In December 1995, The European Court of Justice liberalized the international movement of professional footballers among the EX. and member countries. This meant that players had the right to free movement after their contract had run out. This Bosoms Ruling abolished national quotas in football and would help prevent leading clubs from monopolizing the most talented players (Monochrome, 2002). This overall led to the transfer of foreign players moving from country to country skyrocketing. A consequence Of the liberalized international labor migration is an internationalization of each domestic talent labor market. For example, in 2000-01, out of 342 transfers in French football, 198 reflected international migration (Gerard, 2004) Nowadays in Europe most major football clubs have more foreign than domestic players shown by Chelsea in 2000, who ad 34 registered players, 26 of whom were foreign and signed from foreign teams. (Bourn : Gouged, 2001). Increasingly players from poorer countries are migrating from their home countries to European leagues. Although there are many benefits for players from developing countries to move abroad to big striving European countries, Andre (2004) states that many of the transfers sometimes happen illegally through dubious practice by players agents and that these players, if they dont make it are just released by clubs, Former footballer Raymond Kop, angry about regulations governing professional football entrants declared, Players are professional footballer is the only man who can be bought and sold without consent. Although comparing athletes who make millions of pounds a year is absurd, but within the labor market, players dont have much choice in veers they go unless their contract has run out, (Dubious, 2010), Modern football has very strong links with the capitalist ideology With football being such a profitable business, footballs governing bodies are keen to expand the popularity Of football around the world and create supply for a demand, which can be seen as very profitable. With the increased popularity of the English Premier League, mainly due to the fact that it is broadcasted around the world means everyone from every continent can watch it and therefore be part of the influx Of products and services it provides. While FIFE tries to break new barriers and bring the World Cup to new continents such as Africa, Asia and the Middle East its showing a keenness to expand modern footballs popularity. Along with the relentless expansion of the global cultural media industries and technological advances, it is becoming easier for supporters and fans to gain access to the port, overall breaking the boundaries and frontiers which nation states are divided to create a football world of its own, in which modern footballs governing bodies are trying to take advantage of. Therefore overall along with the increased impact to centralization and globalization within modern football, its clear that modern football has already created a hyperbola society showing that in the football world is a post modern one.

We live in a castle Review Essay Example

We live in a castle Review Paper Essay on We live in a castle Bright, optimistic, pleasant about reading emotions from zamechatelnogo novel We live in a castle, which do not tally with this ominous genre the Gothic novel. Where in these fairy-tale summer landscape descriptions inherent in the genre of dark and cold? And really fantastic dreams and a replica of the main character, is not filled with the surrealism, not baby talk, fraught with unbearable torment? Net.Nu, except that sometimes we have to be hatred, which wakes up only when a Marquis, in her own world, castle, sneaking someone elses, and it is trying to play a prank. And in order to get rid of disgormonii created there, it should perform certain rituals, probably prescribed in the law of this world. But we, mere mortals the guests in this world, we see all these laws only under the prism of excessive infantilism and navyazchevogo Condition. Of course, because at eighteen girls is usually not up to the moon (I do not mean romantic heavenly body, but about a special world in which the Marquis wanted so much to go off of etog city and its inhabitants from the evil tongues). But living in the castle develops by its own rules. And everything is nothing, only the laws of the world Marquis sometimes do not agree with the laws of our world. Well, for example, the Criminal Code. But the Infanta, she then Infante to act up, let the whims and cost someones life. I will not write that sister Marquis Constance, rather than simply blame themselves for behavior younger sister, it was to try to make it a layman of our world, and I do not even try to look for pathology and put diagnoz..Etot novel simply does not allow interference of formality, like the world, the castle in which they live. We will write a custom essay sample on We live in a castle Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on We live in a castle Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on We live in a castle Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Reefer Maddness

, heavy u... Free Essays on Reefer Maddness Free Essays on Reefer Maddness The Webster’s Online Dictionary defines marijuana as the dried leaves and flowering tops of the pistillate hemp plant that yield THC and are smoked in cigarettes for their intoxicating effect. The heated debate over whether or not reaching this intoxicated state is illegal has been heating up recently. If you read any government funded articles, marijuana is painted in such a bad light that it seems to be a work of the devil. Turn on the TV and this ‘evil drug’ makes you hit little girls in drive-thru’s and shoot your best friend with your Dad’s gun, all because you couldn’t help getting high. If you read the propaganda published by those unapologetic stoners, the information isn’t biased, but takes a more rounded approach to looking at the debated drug. Interestingly enough, both sides use some of the same study findings to support their opposing views. A look at all sides still doesn’t provide the answers to the legalization issues. Marijuana’s effect starts immediately after being inhaled. The user’s heart rate increases, the delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol or THC is absorbed through the lungs and taken to the brain where it meets cannabinoid receptors located in various regions of the brain. One of the areas with the greatest number of receptors is the hippocampus, which is the part of the brain associated with memory. This explains the short and long-term memory loss experienced by users. The cannabinoid receptors also release the chemical dopamine, which is a pleasure causing neurotransmitter. (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1999) Regular use of marijuana also exerts a negative effect on short-term memory, learning, and attention span (AAP, 1999). The negative effect marijuana has on memory is also supported by evidence in a study cited by the New Scientist magazine although when it came to remembering a list of words, heavy u...

Compare Jenny in Lawns to Louise in The Fat Girl Essay

Compare Jenny in Lawns to Louise in The Fat Girl - Essay Example Self identity is the basic theme of both the stories. Louise is a fat girl who is constantly nagged by her mother to lose weight; otherwise she will never be able to attract any guy. This creates a complex in her personality and she starts pretending to go on a diet. She doesn’t eat in public or in front of her mother. She wants to please her mother and improve her image in the eyes of her friends that she doesn’t eat- yet she is fat. She eats when she is alone and derives pleasure from her secret for many years. This habit develops into a complex that gets deeper and deeper until she reaches college and remains fat as ever. She notices the disapproving expressions of her mother, old friends and relatives but she doesn’t want to change herself. She believes that she is much more than just a fat girl. This is a very important characteristic which is comparable to Jenny in ‘Lawns’ who is aware of the fact that she is sexually abused by her father. She learns to keep this secret from her mother and everyone else. She is an intelligent student and enjoys sexual relationships with other guys unlike Louise- but she doesn’t fall in love with any of them until she meets Glenn. Jenny also develops a psychological disorder of stealing things: mails, cookies, money. So, both girls develop a habit of stealing or hiding something from the rest of the world. Both are also lucky in friendship. Carrie, Louise’s friend helps her lose weight by being very supportive and as a result, Louise finds Richard who marries her and they apparently start living a happy life. Strangely, Louise feels that she had lost her soul along with her weight. She doesn’t feel like herself anymore and once she gets pregnant she finds the true meaning of her life and accepts herself the way she is. She decides that she doesn’t want to change herself for anyone and happily seeks comfort in motherhood. She starts eating secretly and despite Ri chard’s reaction to her gaining weight, she indulges in her secret habit of eating. One decisive evening, when the two are quarreling over her weight issue, she decides it is time to stand for her. She realizes that she made the wrong choice of going against her will and losing weight for the sake of finding a nice guy and for the approval of others- like her mother. â€Å"She thought of Carrie telling her of smelling chocolate in the dark and, after that, watching her eat it night after night. She smiled at Richard, teasing his anger.† (Dubus 139) She accepts her identity the way she is and faces Richard in the final scene with a candy bar in her hand. This shows that she asserts her choice and refuses to bow down to social pressure. This is an indication of the freedom of choice that she exercises and decides for herself, regardless of what her husband might think of her. Jenny is a victim of sex abuse by her father since she was nine. She accepted it as her fate and let him do it for many years. In fact she enjoyed it or perhaps she found it a way of getting her wishes fulfilled. Her parent is responsible for creating a psychological problem of stealing things- just like Louise, whose mother’s obsession with her weight develops her secret eating habits. She steals mails and the gifts that are meant for other people. The reason why she reads letters of other people is perhaps to know about their secret lives. She might want to know if there are others

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Review - Essay Example Music in the world is not the same neither are the musicians who compose the songs. In Java, the fundamental principal is the cyclic recurrence of the temporal in which time get estimates through running simultaneously. Java is the several concurrent cycles running simultaneously and critical days are reckoned as those points of coincidence between the different, continuous periods. The seven day and five-day period are calendrical majorly used in java. Day Five periods is in relation to on the five-day market system while the seven-day cycle is adopted from Islamic and Arabic words for the days of the gamelan cycle. Where these cycles coincide is always an important day. The basic unit of gamelan music is a period marked by gong; the instrument has ten subdivisions that allow them to play in given intervals with varied intensities. The first subdivision and the second subdivision positioned at the instruments played and the active constraints; a dot below the cipher is for the lower octave while the above shows the upper octave. Like the cyclical concept of time, the fundamental duality of this music reflects a dual system of classification in Indonesia that amazes the observer by its consistency and thoroughness. Java consists of many aspects of life that culture does not classify. For instance the mountains that are believed to be the home of Javanese gods while the seas the home of demons, place of death and evil spirits. Java divides the universe into these two main parts. The pitches played on gamelan can be perceived as melody and can be hummed as well as fitted with words. Though its formation gets its ideas from cyclic subdivisions, Jazz was only played on special occasions though it is considered old with its earliest piece being monggang was an award to Javanese by god Shiva (Wallin, Bjon and Steven 27).   The cyclic model of playing music was in use even before 1500AD. With time, the contour

Impact of Government Curriculum on Teaching and Learning

Impact of Government Curriculum on Teaching and Learning Governmental Control Over Curriculum and the Impact on Teachers as Skilled  Professionals Introduction Caldwell and Hayward (1998) state that the need for reform in England’s school system was realized in 1976 (p. 1). Yet, it was not until 1988 with the Education Reform Act instituted under Margaret Thatcher that a â€Å"national curriculum, national tests† and control of the schools by the government began to become a reality (Caldwell Hayward 1998, p. 1). Murnane and Steele (2007) contend that national involvement in the public schools was intended to support the learners, as well as the teachers (p. 15). However, because of the continued awareness by governments that Western educational institutions were lagging behind the accomplishments of Eastern schools, continued changes in the area of education and government’s control over it have completely altered the educational landscape (Murnane Steele 2007, p. 15). This is because of an adopted neo-liberalist policy approach that has favored markets over learners and policies over teacher effectiveness (Apple 200 1, p. 182). As a result teachers are becoming â€Å"deskilled† and incapable of maintaining their own control over their effectiveness in the classroom (Hall 2004, p. 3). As this control subsides, therefore, teachers are leaving the profession due to frustration and an inability to maintain their professional capabilities in the schools. This knowledge provides evidence that the neo-liberalist policies that have been adopted in the United Kingdom are not achieving the end results as once forecast and that there is perhaps a need to reconsider these policies in order to ensure that teachers that are the foundation of education retain the skills and knowledge that is necessary to instruct society’s children. Neo-Liberalism Apple (2001) indicates that there was once a â€Å"classical liberalism† that existed in relation to the schools and those policies related to education that impacted teachers and students (p. 182). However, Apple (2001) states that as time has progressed the classical liberalism of the state policies has been altered toward a â€Å"neo-liberalism approach† (p. 182). According to Apple (2001), it is important to understand the differences between these two types of views of education because these differences are at the core of the educational issues that schools in many countries face today (p. 182). Olssen (1996) defines classical liberalism in the schools as a method of â€Å"freeing those within the schools from state control† (p. 337). Olssen (1996), on the other hand, specifies that neo-liberalism supports the state’s role in controlling education by â€Å"creating a market†¦[that involves] the conditions, laws and institutions necessary for its operation† (p. 337). Apple (2001) argues that when an education â€Å"market† is, therefore, created it is a market that seems to suggest â€Å"individualization† (p. 182). However, the individualization of the market is subjected to the controls of the government and the policies that force parents, teachers and students to act in a certain manner, leading to the end results that the state intended from the start (Apple 2001, p. 182). This is because the actions of the entities connected to education are restrained by the boundaries set forth in the policies of the government and as those boun daries become more tightly fixed the actions of the parties are more predictable. Choice and Influence on Teachers Apple (2001) expands on this notion by examining the middle class in society (p. 182). Apple (2001) stipulates that when parents of different nations in the middle class are given the opportunity of school choice the government knows that those parents will naturally begin placing their own criteria and/or expectations on schools (p. 182). Consequently when parents are unhappy with the curriculum at one school the teachers at the school are forced to alter that curriculum in order to meet the demands of the parents or they will loose the students within that school (Apple 2001, p. 182). The loss of students within a school means the loss of government funding, the loss of jobs, the lack of teacher’s ability to provide resources and ultimately the loss of the school itself in the community. Therefore, as Apple (2001) indicates, the government policies may be suggesting that people have a greater choice; yet, what is actually occurring is a more significant control of schools th rough the ability of parents to actively use choice to influence curriculum in relation to the schools (p. 182). As parents influence how the curriculum is created, consequently, teachers are placed under greater scrutiny and are forced to expand their offerings in the classroom – even if these offerings include learning that the teacher is not knowledgeable or skilled in. Brooker (2003) contends that the manner in which parents and private entities are capable of influencing the education of students is evident in the United Kingdom with the inclusion of computer technologies in the elementary classroom (p. 261). Over the past decade there has been such a significant increase in the demand for computer technology training of young students. Yet, those schools that do not conform to this expectation are loosing students (Brooker 2003, p. 261). In general this is because parents, manufacturers and the government insists that if children are not trained in the use of computers at an early age they will not be capable of competing with their peers or those in the outside world later on (Brooker 2003, p. 261). Yet, Brooker (2003) argues that technologies in the classroom has impacted teachers negatively due to the fact that many of today’s teachers are not skilled in the use of computers and they are not capable of acquiring the knowledge needed to instruct their students adequately (p. 261). This is because, in general, many schools fail to provide teachers with new training that will support the increase in the instructional scope and teachers do not have the ability to seek outside skill training and maintain their work schedule at the same time. New Teacher Training The concept of choice and control offered by the government is also being reflected in proposals by government entities associated with initial teacher training (Apple 2000, p. 1). Apple (2000) specifies that in the current educational climate what is being considered is the â€Å"deregulation† of teacher training as a means of promoting competition among institutions of higher learning (p. 1). Essentially what this causes to occur is that colleges and universities are freely allowed to choose their own approaches to teaching and teachers have the choice of training institutions that they prefer. However, as time progresses it becomes apparent to schools and the communities that support them which teachers are trained effectively and which are not (Apple 2001, p. 182). This occurs when standardized test scores are revealed from students, reflecting directly back on the teacher’s abilities to educate (Apple 2001, p. 182). As a result, when enough teachers from a particul ar institution are incapable of developing learners that can pass standardized tests that institution begins to realize a decline in enrollment (Apple 2001, p. 182). Although teachers in training are given the choice of schools to attend and colleges are given freedom in determining how those teachers are training, ultimately it is the governmental control of policies that impacts whether or not the institution of higher learning will survive and what curriculum will be used to teach teachers in society. In the neo-liberalist approach to education there is evidence that the freedoms that are being given to colleges and universities are instead tools that negatively impact teachers entering the profession, often with the new teachers being unaware that they are ultimately slated for failure before they even begin their careers. Able Students Ball, Bowe and Gewirtz (1994) stipulate that governmental control over education further impacts teachers and curriculum due to the fact that teachers and schools begin to attempt to avoid students with special needs and â€Å"seek out able children† (p. 19). This is because special needs students require a greater amount of teacher time, teacher expertise and teacher interaction with students that takes away from the teacher instructing â€Å"able† students who do not have special needs (Ball, Bowe Gewitz 1994, p. 19). In England, Ball, Bowe and Gewitz (1994) state that this intent to encourage able students enrolling in schools by teachers and administrators is directly related to the â€Å"publication of performance indicators such as examination league tables† because schools find it difficult to explain that test scores may be low due to an abundance of special needs students (Ball, Bowe Gewitz 1994, p. 19). Yet, Gerwitz, Ball and Bowe (1995) further argue that control of the curriculum and teacher performance is also related to the students of different cultures (p. 6). For example, in England it is known that African American students traditionally have difficulties in the schools because of the large segment of this population that is impoverished (p. 6). Poverty is correlated to the abilities of the students, with those in the impoverished classes historically performing less successfully on standardized tests (Gerwitz, Ball Bowe 1995, p. 6). Apple (2001), therefore, states that this causes teachers to develop curriculum that targets students who are more capable of learning and ignores those students that standardized testing was intended to support in the first place (p. 182). Fragmentation Allen and Ainley (2007) contend that as time progresses the governmental control over the curriculum in the schools is continuing to expand, impacting how teachers not only teach, but changing what is taught to students, causing a fragmentation of teacher control over their own labor (p. 1). An example of this exists within English schools as education reform is focused on vocational education for students beginning at age 14 (Allen Ainley 2007, p. 1). According to Allen and Ainley (2007) the government came to the conclusion that there was a decline in students graduating from schools with marketable skills and this impacted their success after public schooling (p. 1). The issue, therefore, became less concentrated on a student’s ability to read, write and perform simple math and more on specifically training students to function in specific jobs once they have left academia (Allen Ainley, 2007, p. 1). Allen and Ainley (2007) indicate that this brings about two specific issues. First, while teachers in the United Kingdom have indicated that they do not support this policy, teacher organizations throughout the country have ignored teacher protests and called on educators to ensure that the policies are successful (Allen Ainley 2007, p 1). Second, programs for vocational training are being largely created in schools that instruct low income or impoverished students, with those students in high performing schools working with a traditional curriculum (Allen Ainley 2007, p. 1). What this means is that while governmental policies are once again suggesting that there is choice in relation to education, the policies are ensuring that only those choices that support what the government deems appropriate for education will be made (Allen Ainley 2007, p. 1; Chitty 2004, p. 160). Furthermore, Murnane and Steele (2007) state that this causes teachers to be inundated with having to cope with a curriculum that is ever-changing and that they believe they no longer have control over (p. 15). As a result teachers are leaving the teaching profession in vast numbers and this is creating a greater shortage in the teacher workforce than ever before (Murnane Steele 2007, p. 15). Conclusion Duggan and Pole (1996) suggest that the dissatisfaction in the teacher workforce began to be ever apparent in the 1990s (p. 139). Hall (2004) states that this is an issue that has increased over time because of policies such as â€Å"the Literacy and Numeracy Strategies in primary school and the Key Stage 3 Strategy in secondary schools†, as well as the inclusion of technologies and standardized testing that â€Å"constricts teachers† and their capabilities throughout the curriculum (p. 3). According to Hall (2004) the types of control connected to the schools and the deskilling of teachers are endless (p. 8; Appendix 1). Consequently there is an increased teacher workload, decreased teacher satisfaction and a reduction in the number of teachers that want to or are capable of instructing students in the manner in which government and/or society demands. For the future of education in the Western world this could mean that the attempt by government to regulate education and create more successful outcomes for students in England has the opposite effect, as is indicated by Hall (2004, p. 3). The research indicates that the original intent of education to create students that were capable of being productive citizens after their educational careers ended became extremely complex when it was realized that Western students did not achieve at the same rate as Eastern students. Therefore, a neo-liberalist policy toward education by the government was adopted, suggesting that choice was available to parents, teachers and students and that a greater freedom in education would exist. Yet, the research also demonstrates that the idea of choice was restricted by the policies related to education that were adopted by the government and that these policies minimalized the choices that actually existed. Moreover, these neo-liberalist policies became so intricately woven within education that the choices made by those connected to education could be predicted and manipulated with ease. For teachers this has meant that they are overworked, under-trained and unprepared for the demands o f the modern educational system and given few options as to how they can overcome these issues. This knowledge provides serious implications for the educational system because as teachers continue to become frustrated due to their increasing deskilled status they are leaving the teaching workforce. This knowledge provides evidence that the neo-liberalist policies that have been adopted in the United Kingdom are not achieving the end results as once forecast and that there is perhaps a need to reconsider these policies in order to ensure that teachers that are the foundation of education retain the skills and knowledge that is necessary to instruct society’s children. Appendix 1 (Hall 2004, p. 8). 1. Regulated market control: metaphors of the market and consumer demand are imposed upon schools; success and profits go to those who best meet consumer demand. Teachers’ work is evaluated in terms of measured outputs set against cost. Competition is the key element in relations between schools. (Ball, 1994) 2. Technical control: this is embodied in structures rather than people – in, for example, notionally ‘teacher proof’ teaching materials and text books, and in specified competences (Apple, 1988, 1996) 3. Bureaucratic control: hierarchical power is embedded in the social and organisational structure of institutions – jobs are differently divided and defined, have different salaries, and supervision, evaluation and promotion arrangements. The potential for establishing a career operates as a control mechanism. 4. Corporate control: the focus of the institution is on economic rather than social good. A competitive ethos prevails. Managers focus on economic goals. The head teacher is perceived more as a line manager than as a first among professional equals. 5. Ideological control: hegemonic beliefs – for example, that a good teacher has certain characteristics – become part of the dominant ideology within schools. These ideas and beliefs are reinforced in pre-service and in-service training. Certain conceptions of teachers’ work become naturalised – for example, a move away from child-centred discourse to market based discourse. 6. Disciplinary power: Foucault (1977) shows how, by means of the technologies of power – hierarchical observation, normalising judgment and examination –individuals are ‘disciplined’ into ways of understanding their work. Minor procedures and routines are specified (times, dress, expected responses) in ways that become anonymous and functional within a school; teachers and others within the school regulate their own behaviours to meet these expectations. Smyth describes this as a ‘triumph of technique over questions of purpose’ Bibliography Allen, M. and Ainley, P. (2007) Education make you fick, innit? London: Tufnell Press. Apple, M. (2000). Power, meaning, and identity. New York: Peter Lang. Apple, M. (2001). Markets, standards, teaching and teacher education. Journal of  Teacher Education. 52(3): 182-207. Ball, S., Bowe, R., Gewirtz, S. (1994). Market forces and parental choice. In S. Tomlinson (Ed.), Educational reform and its consequences (pp. 13-25). London: IPPR/Rivers Oram Press. Brooker, L. (2003). Integrating new technologies in the UK classroom. Childhood  Education. 79(5): 261-289. Caldwell, B., and Hayward, D. (1998). The future of schools: Lessons from the reform  of public education. London: Falmer Press. Chitty, C. (2004). Education policy in Britain. London: Palgrave. Duggan, R., and Pole, C. (1996). Reshaping education in the 1990s. New York:  Routledge. Gewirtz, S., Ball, S., Bowe, R. (1995). Markets, choice, and equity in education.  Philadelphia: Open University Press. Hall. C. (2004). Theorizing changes in teacher’s work. Canadian Journal of Education  Administration and Policy. Retrieved January 1, 2009, from http://www.umanitoba.ca/publications/cjeap/pdf_files/hall.pdf Murnane, R., and Steele, J. (2007). What is the problem? The challenge of providing  effective teacher for all children. The Future of Children. 17(1): 15-35. Olssen, M. (1996). In defense of the welfare state and of publicly provided education.  Journal of Education Policy. 11: 337-362.

Dick as Tragic Hero in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essays

Dick as Tragic Hero in Tender is the Night      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night tells the story of an American psychiatrist Dick Diver and his wealthy, schizophrenic wife Nicole. We follow the deterioration of the seemingly wonderful, happy marriage of the stylish couple presented in the first book, to the finalizing divorce of the newly empowered and relatively stable Nicole and the somewhat broken, yet content Dick. Dick’s fall from grace is not entirely surprising considering the weaknesses of his character and the choices he makes throughout the novel. Portrayed throughout the beginning of the book in a very positive light as a wonderful entertainer and the epitome of social grace, Dick’s character is not as strong, nor as pure as it first appears. However, Dick is not an entirely bad person. It is actually some of the more positive aspects of his personality that, in combination with the negative aspects, lead to his eventual downfall.    Book I of the novel introduces Dick as the jester on the beach and a gracious host. He seems to enjoy a great respect from the people around him. The positive light cast on Dick at the beginning makes it likely that Dick Diver will ultimately become the â€Å"hero† of the novel, which is an idea that deserves consideration throughout the novel. But, at the end of Book I, the reader is still not certain of the identity of the main character.   â€Å"It is entirely plausible at that point in the novel to guess that Tender is the Night is actually the story of the young actress Rosemary†( LaHood, 27). The majority of the first book revolves around Rosemary and our perspectives of the characters are somewhat stinted by her impressions of them. It is upon her rather idealized impression of... ...the happy, stable and more independent life that she had been missing.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bruccoli, Matthew J. and Judith S. Baughman. Reader's Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York, NY: Scriber, 1933 Grenberg, Bruce L. "Fitzgerald's 'Figured Curtain': Personality and History in Tender Is the Night." In Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night, ed. Milton R. Stern. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1986. LaHood, Marvin J., ed. Tender Is the Night: Essays in Criticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994. Stern, Milton R., ed. Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Boston: Hall, 1986.

Hills like White Elephants Essay

In â€Å"Hills like White Elephants,† Jig describes the hills from a distance like white elephants. That description signifies that, for Jig, her pregnancy is something that is precious while a burden at the same time. In order to understand the situation of Jig, it is important to note that white elephants are considered to be sacred and symbolize justice in Southeast Asian monarchies. On the other hand, these elephants come with a costly price in terms of its upkeep or maintaining its health. White elephants are oftentimes given as precious gifts for royal members of the family since they are the ones who are capable of taking care of the costly needs of the elephant. But for the average individual, being given a white elephant means having to take care of a burden that is supposed to be treated as a precious gift. Apparently, the hills in the story symbolize the pregnancy of Jig and the description of the hills as white elephants suggest that her pregnancy is both a precious gift and a burden. On the part of Jig’s American male companion, the fact that he wants Jig to have an abortion suggests that he sees her pregnancy as a burden. Moreover, the railroad tracks in the story’s setting suggest a dividing line between two distinct landscapes—a barren and dry land on one side and a green landscape on the other. Jig’s attention is focused on the landscape while the American is having a conversation with her, suggesting that she is concerned between choosing which side to take—a happy life with her child or a barren life with her American companion but without her baby—while the American is busy convincing her to let go of the baby. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the setting used by the author, William Faulkner, is the fictitious post-war town of Jefferson. In the town, women are not allowed to walk the streets without wearing an apron, thereby suggesting that there is a form of discrimination against women. However, Emily Grierson can opt not to follow the rule because she came from an influential family. In fact, there was even a time when she was given the privilege of not having to pay taxes. Thus, the society’s perception towards Emily by that time was that she was a woman of distinct position. She was someone who is not like the average woman in town as she is capable of doing things that the average women in town cannot afford to do. Moreover, the setting of the house of Emily in the story reveals something about her character. The house is considered to be once a majestic edifice in the town only that it has turned into â€Å"an eyesore among eyesores (287)† later in the story. The reason behind this is that the house was no longer well taken good care of even though Emily has employed a man—both the her gardener and her cook—to look after the house. The time when the townsfolk have noticed the searing stench emanating from Emily’s house all the more gave the house an ugly reputation. At the end of the story, it is revealed that the stench came from the decaying body of Homer, Emily’s lover, who was laid in one of the house’s beds as it rotted for years. Apparently, it is also revealed that Emily had been sleeping with the corpse of Homer all the time when the stench lingered around the house. It symbolizes the decay of the personality of Emily, perhaps dying with the death of Homer. The setting of the house clearly represents the decaying personality of Emily and the predicaments which caused her grief and despair. Victoria Battistelli, (A Rose for Emily) I agree that Emily is an old woman and that she should not have died in that decrepit house. However, I think it was Emily’s decision to stay inside that house until her dying days for one reason—her lover, Homer, is there in one of the bedrooms. Interestingly, it was Homer’s stench—for his dead body was decaying all the time that it was there—that roused the interest of the rest of the people in town although they were not aware it was Homer’s. More importantly, there are evidences in the story which suggest that Emily slept with the corpse of Homer: the lock of hair beside Homer’s body and the shape of the pillow that appear to suggest that somebody’s head was on top of it. These things, among others, indicate that Emily chose to stay inside the house and even sleep with Homer’s corpse. Sadly, though, she did not have to put herself in that position. Apparently, her strong emotions for Homer caused her to withstand the putrid scent of his corpse and stay inside the house. Do you know of other indicators that Emily was willing to stay inside the house even though it was reeking of bad smell? Debbie Wong, (Hills like White Elephants) I definitely agree that Jig was thinking of her pregnancy as she was concerned as to whether she should follow the suggestion of her American companion or to follow her desire to keep the baby for herself. It seems that Jig was weighing the odds for each side of the coin, so to speak, although she gave-in eventually to the demands of her American companion. Her pregnancy is truly a white elephant—a burden and a gift, a burden for her American companion and a gift for Jig. Are there any indicators in the story that says something about Jig’s pregnancy as a burden for herself, or that she was tempted to give-up her baby before finally deciding to do so?

50 Debate Topics for High School

Debates tend to instantly engage students, but they can also sharpen their research and public speaking skills. No matter your reasons for using them, having debates in your classroom is a sure way to get your students thinking and talking. You may require your students to research topics before debating them or even prepare speeches to state their point of view. Learning how to productively debate will improve your students communication skills as they practice speaking and listening. These skills will serve them in college and the diverse career world beyond.   Debate Topics The following 50 debate topics  can be used in high school or advanced middle school classrooms. They are organized by genre and some can be modified for use in different subjects. Each item is listed in the form of a question to propose to your students that has at least two points of view. 1:53 Watch Now: Ideas for Great Classroom Debate Topics Science and Technology Should human cloning be banned?Should renewable forms of energy be subsidized by the government?Should the U.S. government fund a space mission to Mars?Should social media comments be protected by free speech?Should parents be allowed to choose their babys gender?Should animal testing be banned?Should the U.S. government provide internet service to every citizen?Are video games too violent for children?Should the manufacturing of nuclear weapons be permitted? Laws and Politics Is it ever appropriate for the government to restrict freedom of speech?Is democracy the best form of government?Should citizens who do not vote be fined?Is the right to bear arms a necessary constitutional amendment today?Should the legal voting/driving/drinking age be lowered or raised?Should a border fence be constructed between the U.S. and Mexico?Should America give foreign aid to other countries?Should drone attacks against specific targets be used for modern warfare?Should affirmative action be abolished?Should the  death penalty  be abolished?Should microaggressions be punishable by law?Should the cruel treatment of animals be illegal? Social Justice Should partial-birth abortion be illegal?Should all parents be required to attend parenting classes before having a child?Should parents be required to vaccinate their children?Should mixed martial arts be banned?Should celebrities be required to be positive role models?Should people be fined for not recycling?Are progressive tax rates just?Should performance-enhancing drugs be allowed in sports?Should marijuana use be considered a crime? Education Should every student be required to take a performing arts course?Should homework be banned?Should school uniforms be required?Is year-round education is a good idea?Should physical education be required of all high school students?Should all students be required to perform community service?Should schools block YouTube?Should students be able to leave school grounds for lunch?Are single-sex schools better for student learning and mental health?Should schools punish cyberbullying that occurs outside of school?Should teachers not be allowed to contact students through social media?Should public prayer be allowed in schools?Should high-stakes state testing be abolished?Should poetry units be removed from the curriculum?Is History (or another subject) actually an important subject in school?Should schools be allowed to track students by academic level?Should students be required to pass algebra to graduate?Should students be graded on their handwriting?Should all students be required to co-op?Should the theory of creation be taught in schools?